NIO designs, manufactures, and sells smart electric vehicles under three brands—NIO (premium SUVs and sedans), ONVO (mid-to-premium family vehicles), and FIREFLY (high-end small EVs)—primarily in China with expanding international operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The company operates a direct-to-consumer sales model and generates revenue from vehicle sales, Battery as a Service subscriptions (where customers can separate vehicle purchases from battery ownership), power solutions including home chargers, battery-swapping stations, and supercharging infrastructure, as well as complementary services such as warranties, insurance brokerage, and vehicle subscriptions. NIO holds controlling stake in NIO China, its subsidiary housing core operations including research and development, supply chain, and its NIO Power ecosystem.